Alternating-current motor



May 31, 1927. K. KRAUSS ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTOR Filed May 28, 1925 23 Q 23 Sai'urafed core reader 6 WW Tr mK V mf r u H WITNESSES:

TORNEY Gil Patented May 31, 1927.

"ITED STA FFEE.

KURT KRAUSS, OF BEBLEJ-FRIEDENAU, GERMANY, ASSIGNQR T0 WESTIH'GHOUSE ELECTRIC & MANUFACTURING COMPANY, A COR?0RATION 0F PENNSYLVANIA.

ALTEBNATING-CURRENT MGTUR. I

Application filed Kay 28, 1925,

My invention relates to alternating-current motors of the commutator type and it has particular relation to series motors employing a commutating-pole winding.

The problem of commntating the armature current, serious as it may he in the case of a direct-current machine, is of much more importance and is much more diificult in the case of alternating-current machines and presents particularly serious conditions in .large single-phase motors such as are employed in railway service.

To overcome the commutating diiiiculties in such motors, a commutating-pole winding is usually rovided, producing a flux which traverses t e coils operating in the commutating zone to induce an electromotive force that will neutralize the forces which oppose the commutation. To produce a flux giving the correct commutating conditions, the current in the commutating-pole winding must have a predetermined phase relation to the armature current. In particular, when the commutating-pole winding is connected in series with the field winding and with the armature, the current in the commutating pole winding must increase in phase displacement, as well as in magnitude, with an increase of the armature current.

Heretofore, as far as I am aware, it has been customary to adjust the phase relation of the currents in the commutating pole winding so as to give the desired commutating flux conditions for a particular operating speed, and it has been customary to sacrifice, to a certain extent, the quality of the commutation at other speeds.

However, with the increasing size of the motors manufactured for modern railway operation, the commutating conditions are so difficult that it becomes of more and more importance to provide a simple'and reliable method of securing the exact required commutating-pole flux for each operating speed.

One ob ect of my invention is to provide an alternating-current series motor having a commutating-pole winding which is automatically excited by a current of such base and magnitude as to produce the optlmum commutating conditions throughout substantially the entire range of operation.

Another object of my invention is to pro vide a series commutator motor having a seriallyconnected c mmutating-pole winding and an impedance device in shunt to said Serial no. seam, and in Germany an as, mac.

phase relation of the currents in the reactor vary, in a predetermined manner, in response to variations of the current in said circuit. i

The main features of my invention, which I believe to be patentable, are definitely indicated and pointed out in the claims appended hereto. F or a better understanding of my invention, reference may be had to the following specification, taken in connection with the accompanying drawing, in which- "Fig. l is a diagrammatic view of a singlephase commutator motor having a commutating-pole winding which is designed to produce correctcommutating conditions only at a predetermined point of operation,

Fig. 2 is a vector diagram of current relations in the commutating-pole windings,

Fig. 3 is a view Slll'lilill to Fig. 1 illustrating a single-phase series motor embodying my invention, and

Fig. 4 is a vector diagram illustrating the current relations in the c mmutating-pole winding obtaining in the improved motor shown in Fig. 3.

The motor shown in Fig. 1 embodies the essential parts utilized in a modern largepower single-phase series commutator motor. The motor has an exciting winding 2 and a compensating winding 3 connected, through brushes 4, in series with an armature 5 and a commutating-pole winding 6. The motor may be energized by means of a switch 7 which connects. one terminal of the exciting winding 2 and one terminal of the commutating-pole winding 6 to an alternating current line 8.

There are several features which influence the commutation in single-phase commutating machines such as the one shown in Fig. 1. Assuming that the compensating iii) be represented by winding 3 fully neutralizes the efiect of the current in the' armature 5, the coils in which commutation takes place, and WhlCh are short-circuited by the brushes, are subject.

duced by the exciting winding 2, and may be regarded as being proportional to the armature current and lagging 90 degrees behind the same.

To secure good commutation, the commutating pole flux must induce, in the rotating coil that is undergoing commutation, a third electromotive force that is equal and opposite to the resultant of the commutation reactance electromotive force and the transformer electromotive force mentioned above. Accordingly, the exciting current of the commutating-pole winding must be of such magnitude and phase relation as to produce a magneto-motive force that has first, an in-phase component which is proportional to the armature current to neutralize the reactance electromo'tive force, and second a component, in quadrature thereto, to neutralize the trans tormer electromotive force.

Since the voltage induced by the commutating-pole flux increases directly with the speed, the first component of the c0mmutating-pole magneto-motive force must be directly proportional to the armature current and independentof the speed, while the second component, which neutralizes the transformer electromotive force that is independent of the speed, must vary inversely with the speed.

The different relations of the current components required to roduce good commutation are shown in ig. 2 wherein vectors I 1,, I, and I illustrate the armature currents and vectors I 'L- L and 1,, illustrate the corresponding commutatingpole currents required to produce ideal commutating conditions. The commutat ing-pole magneto-motive force, which may the 'commutating pole current L is shown to be a resultant of a, component M which is in phase with the armature current and a component M which induces the field required .for euerating the electromotive ,force oppose to the transformer electromotive force.

In order to secure the proper phase relation and magnitude of the currents in the commutating-pole winding, it has been suggested to connect a resistor 10 in parallel with the commutatin -pole winding and to control the phase of the current in the commutating pole winding by selecting the ma nitude of the resistance.

fiowever, as shown in Fig. 2, with a constant resistance, perfect commutating conditions can be obtained only for one particular operating condition since the phase angle between the current component in the commutating-pole winding and the current in the armature remains constant with a particular setting of the shunting resistor. This arrangen'ient is accordingly effective only for one predetermined speed and a pre determined current, whereas, in order to secure ideal commutating conditions the phase angle between the main current-and the commutating-pole current should in crease with an increase in the armature cur rent, as shown by the vectors L I l and I terminating in the curve m Fig. 2. v a

If the shunting resistor is so chosen, for

instance, as to give correct commutating conditions when the armature current has a value L, the actual commutating ole currents 1' I' 1' etc. corresponding to other operating points, differ in magnitude and phase from the ideal currents I I0 L etc.

It has also been suggested to connect a portion of the resistor which is used for one speed, in series with a choke coil 11, which ma be connected in parallel to the commutating pole winding as by means of a switch 12, in order to secure the required phase relation and magnitude of the commutatin -pole current for another operating spec of the motor. With such arrangement, the complete neutralization of the voltages o posing the commutation may be obtained or two conditions of operation, but the required changes in the connections are unsuitable for practical applications, in view of the only partial improvement over the conditions obtaining in the case of a simple impedance connected in parallel to the commutating pole winding.

' According to mp invention, l: provide means for continua ly changing the magnitude and the phase relation of the current in the commutating-pole winding 6, in such manner as to. produce the ideal commutating conditions throughout practically the entire range of motor speeds. An arrangement for securing such operation is shown in Fig. 3,

resistor element 22 connected in series with ill a special reactor device 23, said reactor device producing a substantially constant reactive voltage drop independently of the magnitude of the current passing therethrou h.

set reactor maygtor instance, he obtained lay utilizing a choirs coil having an iron-core which is saturated, or operates above the lines of the saturation curve, throughout substantially the entire range of the operating current, the reactive voltage drop in such case remaining substantially constant independently of the current passing therethrough.

The operation of my improved organization for securing the proper commutatingpole excitation may he better understood by considering the current relations in the din terent parts or" the circuit, as illustrated in the vector diagram shown in Fig. l; The commutatingpole currents L l etc, are shown in the same phase. In quadrature to the commutating-pole currents, are shown the vectors E E etc, representing the voltage across the terminals of the commutating-pole winding. The current in the shunt 21 causes a voltage drop which is composed of two components, one component E E etc, which is in phase with the current L L etc, corresponding to the resistance drop, and the other components E E etc, in quadrature to the current and corresponding to the reactance drop,

7 the two voltage drops adding to produce the resultant E E etc. Since the reactance drop E E etc., always remains constant, the currents in the shunt 21 increase in phase and in magnitude with the increase of the commutating-pole current and produce a similar increase in the phase and the magnitude of the resultant armature currents l l etc, relative to the commutating-pole currents L L etc.

It is thus possible to secure, for each speed, the oommutating-pole exciting current required to secure ideal commutating-pole conditions Without the necessity of disturbing "the circuit connections or using complicated current in said winding relatively to the motor current in response to the variation of said last-mentioned current.

2. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor comprising a serially connected field winding, an armature having a commutator winding and a cominutatingpole Winding, of a shunt connected in parallel to said commutatin pole winding to control the current therethrough, said shunt comprising a resistor and means offering a substantially consta it reactive voltage drop independently of the current flowing therethrough.

3. The combination with an alternatingcurrent motor comprising a field winding, anarmature having commutator winding and a commutating-pole winding, said windings heing connected in series, of impedance means connected in shunt to said commutating-pole winding, said impedance means emhodying a resistor and a serially connected, iron-core cholre coil, said choke coil operating ah'ove the knee or the saturation curve over substantially the entire operating range.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name this 9th day of May, 1925.

KRAUSS. 

